Tuesday, January 8, 2013
Rhino horn in Asia
Your task is research and then write a report on the demand for rhino horn in Asia. Which countries are most responsible for the illegal importation of rhino horn? What segments of these populations are most likely to be involved in this illegal trade? What are the perceived medicinal benefits to taking rhino horn as a traditional medicine in China and Vietnam? What roles do the governments of China and Vietnam play in stopping the importation of rhino horns from Africa? After learning about China's ever increasing economic role in Africa, do you think that China being implicated in this illegal trade might have negative repercussions for future investment? Why or why not?
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Rhino horn is mostly imported into Vietnam and China mainly used for medicinal use. It is said it will cure stroke paralysis, cancer, stop bleeding, cure fever, snakebites, hallucinations, typhoid, vomiting, food poisoning, and “devil possession”.
ReplyDeleteIn 2007, the Chinese government funding the traditional medicine industry with $130 million. Since the government invested so much into the research of the use of rhino horn in medicine, they are not going to stop the importation to Chine because the government is making a profit from it too.
Since the rhino horn is so popular in china, I do not think they will stop killing and cutting off their horns until they are all dead. But once all of the rhinos are dead the business will die and the Chinese with be upset. So eventually China will not have any more access to rhino horn unless they change the way they get the rhino horn. Right now they are killing the animal and digging into their faces to get every last scrap of horn. If they just used a bullet that will just put the rhino to sleep instead and cut off only the visible part, the rhino will not die and the business in China will last for longer.
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ReplyDeleteVietnam and China are the two countries that are fueling the demand for poached rhino horns. This is due to the perceived medicinal functions that the horn plays when grounded, boiled, and consumed.
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Since the Rhino horn costs more than some of the most expensive narcotics such as cocaine, meth, and heroine, the upper class of these asian nations are most likely to be the recipient of the horn as they can afford the insane costs. Interestingly, the people in need of the horns will hire local South Africans or natives to the select country to poach the Animal. Many rebellious natives will agree to poach because they are offered money in return.
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The historically perceived medical benefits for drinking rhino horn are the treatment of fever, rheumatism, gout, snakebites, hallucinations, typhoid, headaches, carbuncles, vomiting, food poisoning, possession of the devil, and cancer. In addition it is believed to be an aphrodisiac, commonly snorted. Contrary to the common western belief of the horn having virtually no medicinal benefits, PBS states, “It is believed that there may be some truth behind the rhino horn’s ability to detect poisons which is linked to the composition of the horn. Rhino horns are composed largely of the protein keratin, also the chief component in hair, fingernails, and animal hooves. Many poisons are strongly alkaline (or basic), and may have reacted chemically with the keratin...Overall there isn’t much evidence to support the plethora of claims about the healing properties of the horns.” Currently, much scientific evidence is battling the medicinal claims held by the Chinese and Vietnamese doctors.
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The Chinese and Vietnamese governments are essentially non-existent in stopping the importation and use of African rhino horns as medicine. They do not condone the act, in fact, it is an ancient form of medication believed actually cure several forms of disease and illness.
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I foresee China becoming an even bigger piece of South Africa economically despite the illegal rhino trade because of its already immense influence on the rest of the world, even in nations remote as ever. Also, if was an issue that truly caught the attention of South African upper class or people of power, they would invest in game reserves and work for harsher regulations in order to maintain the safety of the rhinos. If they are simply letting poachers kill off “the big 5” they must have no problem maintaining a strong partnership with China. Economically, China is growing at an insane rate, keeping a partnership might be what South Africa needs to take the next step to being a world superpower.
The countries that create the most demand for Rhino horn are China, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, Vietnam and other Asian territories. This is startling because by the mid 1990's all the important rhino horn consumer countries in Asia had banned the substance in their Traditional Chinese Medicine industries. In countries like Vietnam, the middle and upperclass has been increasing over the past decade, enabling more people to by the Rhino horn, which in some places as seen as a status symbol as well as a strong medicinal ingredient. Proving that although the government has tried to ban this substance, they are not able to properly police the black market.
ReplyDeleteSeeing everything that has happened with xenophobia in South Africa, it would not surprise me if this negative impacted the Chinese industry in South Africa and other places. I think it has gotten to a point that not matter how much oil money China is funneling into Africa, it cannot cover up the dying rhino population. The local population know that Rhino horn is really not going to cure cancer like the Chinese and Vietnamese think it will. They want to preserve not only an endangered species but also one of the big 5 game animals that attract so many tourists to their game reserves.
For years, rhino horn has been a precious item among many Asian countries, but specifically, South Korea, Vietnam, and China. They have believed that the rhino horn can treat a variety of diseases when ground up and mixed into a potion-like substance. The older generations are probably more interested in purchasing the rhino horn for a few reasons. Not only are older people generally sicker and weaker, they also are more tied to the traditions and have always believed this to be a safe and useful way to treat diseases. However, the younger generations may not believe in the “magic” of the ground up rhino horn which is essentially a giant fingernail, and probably do not buy as much of the illegally imported rhino horns. When the horns are ground into powder, they are considered to be aphrodisiacs, which is a substance that when taken, can increase sexual desire. Although it is commonly criticized around the world for being a “fake medicine,” doctors still prescribe it for treating fevers and convulsions. However, there was a claim in Vietnam stating that rhino horns can cure cancer. Naturally, this word spread and the demand for rhino horns shot up recently. With an advance in technology in recent years, it has become easier to find information about rhino horns and their medicinal properties as well as actually purchasing them via the Internet. However, although the demand may be currently growing, China’s attempt to halt the illegal trade has definitely made a difference. If China had not signed the CITES treaty to do this, rhinoceroses would probably all be extinct today. Despite China’s efforts to slow productivity of the illegal trade, people will go to any lengths to get their hands on even the smallest chunk of a rhino’s horn. Everyday people use weaponry such as night crossbows and silenced guns and tranquilizers in order to silently attack the rhino. They often do this while in the safety of a helicopter or during the night equipped with night vision supplies. The hunt for rhino horns has turned into a deadly war and the people taking these horns will take extreme measures. Some even think to rob them from museums. Poaching rhinos not only is dangerous to people who try to stop it, but it also disrupts the natural flow of the ecosystem. China has already attempted to lessen the rhino killings however, if they want to continue to immigrate to different African countries and work there in the future.
ReplyDeleteMany countries throughout history have been involved or implicated in the rhino horn trade. Historically, the main producers of the past have been from East Africa (Kenya, Uganda, Tanganyika) and Asia (Sumatra, India, Vietnam). The use of rhino horn extends far back into history as well—with many diverse applications, though most are useless. In 200 BCE to 200 ACE, during the Ming and Ching dynasties, rhino horn was used as drinking vessels to detect alkaloid poisons, then a very effective form of assassination. Further down the road, the Gujaratis in India drank ground rhino horn as an aphrodisiac, and the Chinese, Burmese, Thais, Nepalis, Vietnamese, Singaporean, even Japanese and Koreans used rhino horn for medicinal purposes. The widespread use most likely came from constant trading and interaction between the Asian nations. Yemen also imported rhino horns, although they were mainly used as dagger handles and weaponry. Even Greek mythology claims its properties can purify water.
ReplyDeleteToday, however, things are quite different. Kenya has become a CITES nation, and China has outlawed rhino horn as an illegal trade. However, the rhino horn trades has become a very lucrative business, and demand is higher than ever. The Vietnamese and Chinese still import rhino horn, mainly for medicinal purposes. Unfortunately, the demand for rhino horn in Vietnam has increased substantially over the past few years, and most rhino horn entering Vietnam now is sourced from South Africa. In fact, the demand for rhino horn is so great in Vietnam that certain sales channels are selling imitation rhino horn made from cows or buffalo to keep up with demand—as “freshly cut” rhino horns fetch almost $25,000 to $40,000 per kg.
In Vietnam and China, politicians seem to be a large part of the consumers, as rhino horns are used as exotic gifts. However, many sick or elderly also consume rhino horn, as it is believed to have antipyretic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-spasmolytic, diuretic, and bactericidal effects—curing practically anything, from fevers to cancer. In fact, hospital staff in Vietnam have reportedly offered rhino horn to terminally ill patients.
China has assumed most of the responsibility for illegal rhino horn trade due to their image and record of animal rights treatment (shellfish hunting off the African coast and Moon Bear farming) that should otherwise be split amongst Vietnam, Korea, India, China, and others. Granted, they have the longest history of use, which though does not justify, explains the reasoning behind this phenomenon. However, I’m not too sure about the impact on economic relationships between China and South Africa—political tensions have not gotten in the way of Chinese investments and ventures in the past, and I do not see why they might in the future.
Rhino horn has historically been used in the traditional medicine's of numerous asian countries. In the 1990's, almost all of asia banned it use in traditional medicine. However, China and Vietnam are currently the highest users of it. They import it and use it for medicinal purposes. They believe that in can cure many ailments and diseases including cancer. Due to the incredibly high price of rhino horn, The people consuming it are mainly upper middle and upper class. Rhino horn can cost upwards of USD65,000 per Kg. The governments of the asian countries supposedly are trying to stop the horrible use by banning it and stopping it from being imported. However from my experience there and from my knowledge of the corruption in that portion of the world, I expect that they really aren't doing anything to stop it. I think that china's huge economic presence in Africa is fueling this trade because without the asian market, there would be nowhere for the poachers to sell the horns. I think that while the political tensions have yet to get in the way, they will eventually. I think it will have repercussions because the animal parks are a very large portion of the economy in many african countries, and with the animals being poached, business will be hurt and the resulting political tension will have africans turning their backs to the Chinese. I think the solution is to crack down on criminals. I think the root of the problem is that the punishment when caught is not severe enough so the reward is greater than the risk. It is somewhat similar to the narcotics trade in the US. If caught for transiting narcotics in the US, you get a hefty prison sentence. It hasn’t slowed it at all. Now look at Singapore, if you are caught with narcotics or prescription drugs in your possession that A) are not your prescription, or B) illegal narcotics, you get sentenced on the spot to death by hanging. They don’t have a drug problem. I think if you set up that form of punishment or at least made the punishment much more servere than the slap on the wrist that some poachers get, then the problem would significantly decrease if not disappear completely.
ReplyDeleteChina and Vietnam would be the primary countries to blame for the illegal importation of rhino horn. Because of the belief that rhino horns can supposedly cure anything, including cancer, it has become an essential part of traditional Chinese and Vietnamese medicine. Although this is only a myth, the Chinese and Vietnamese are in high demand for this precious horn. Since the high demand of rhino horn the price has increased and will continue to rise, which inevitably furthers the black market industry. Rhino horn is to be used mainly by the older generations because of the medical benefits it can bring. The medical benefits perceived by the Chinese and Vietnamese is that when grinded against a specific bowl and mixed with liquids can be used cure fevers, cleanse toxins in blood, support bone growth, act as an aphrodisiac, and even cure cancer. Although China and Vietnam have agreed to the environmental law put in place banning the importation of rhino horn (CITES), does not mean that they are actually following up with the agreement. In 1989, the Chinese government was trying to make rhino horn stocks legal, arguing that it was implemented before the CITES agreement. Even if the government strictly regulated rhino horn, there would still be ways for it to enter the black market and still be sold which is what is currently happening. There is definitely a possibility that China will have negative repercussions in the future if they continue to exploit Africa and its natural resources. Although it might take time to prove that China is effectively damaging the lives of Africans and Africa as a whole, it could certainly be proven at the rate the Chinese are invading the country. Also, the more the Chinese exploit Africa the more likely it will receive news coverage, which will alert other countries to be aware of the Chinese manipulative tactics in both the economy and towards the people.
ReplyDeleteThe trade and importation of rhino horn has a major prevalence in many Asian countries. Some of the most notable countries importing rhino horn are Vietnam, China, Japan, Taiwan, and South Korea. Even though the importation of rhino horn has been banned in all of these countries, people can still buy it if they pay a very high price. The reason for this unusually high demand for rhino horn is largely for medicinal uses. For example, in Traditional Chinese Medicine, rhino horn is believed to be able to treat anything from fevers and strokes to poisoning and high blood-alcohol. Over the past few years, China and Vietnam have made their way to the forefront of the rhino horn trade. Both of their governments have put a ban on the importation of rhino horn, and other things such as that. For example, this past December, Vietnam signed a deal with South Africa to help lessen the amount of rhino being killed. However, signing deals and putting a ban on the importation of rhino horn is not going to stop poaching from happening. People are extremely invested in the use of rhino horn not only traditionally, but monetarily as well. It is estimated that China has invested the equivalent of 130 million US dollars in traditional medicine. This means that rhino horn will be even more sought after. On the subject of China, it is interesting to think about what would happen if countries such as South Africa, Kenya, and Botswana were to crack down on China’ s involvement in rhino poaching. To say the least, China would not be happy. After all that they have invested in Traditional Chinese Medicine, in which the rhino horn is essential, loosing the ability to smuggle rhino horn out of Africa could damage a small part of their economy. However, economic repercussions in many African countries would be disastrous, because cutting off China and Vietnam’s access to rhino horn would probably cause them to loose quite a few of China’s investments that they simply cannot afford to loose.
ReplyDeleteSources:
http://www.savetherhino.org/rhino_info/threats_to_rhino/poaching_for_traditional_chinese_medicine/supply_and_demand_the_illegal
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-20670012
http://www.savingrhinos.org/rhino-extinction-crisis.html
Rhino horn’s medicinal properties used to be a wide spread phenomenon. African tribes would traditionally use the horn as a hollowed out cup and use other parts of the rhino for other tools. Currently the rhino horn is highly demanded in Asian countries, specifically Vietnam and China.
ReplyDeleteThe perceived medical benefits are primarily associated with an older audience. The Vietnamese claim that ground rhino horn will cure diseases and help with joint pain found in older people like arthritis. The groups of people that are likely seeking out rhino horn are uneducated on the exact scientific reasoning on why rhino horn does not possess the medicinal qualities that they desire. More than a lack of education on the topic, the people using rhino horn connect their desire with a long line of family that has used rhino horn. At this point, the use of rhino horn is almost ritualistic.
Although it is easy to say that China has made rhino horn illegal in their country, so Vietnam must be the primary consumer because they haven’t taken much action, this is not necessarily true. Both China and Vietnam have had rumors that government officials have been using rhino horn for their respected condition.
I do not think that China’s involvement with the trade of rhino horn will have any impact whatsoever on their future involvement in Africa. China already has too big of a role in Africa, as well as the rest of the world, and as sad as it is, rhinos will not shut down the massive factory that China is today. In fact, I believe that China will continue to grow in Africa and I think that with the way that Vietnam and China are demanding rhino horn, it is inevitable that the wild rhino is extinct within the next few years due to illegal hunting.
China and Vietnam have a monopoly over the “trade” of rhino horn. Rhino horn is generally used by the older generations, who often utilized the substance when its trade was entirely legal in China. In Vietnam, the substance is generally used by wealthy, middle-aged urbanites.
ReplyDeleteSome of the perceived benefits of consuming rhino horn are as an aphrodisiac, as well as a generic palliative for boils, fevers, convulsions. Another usage of the horn, in conjunction with elephant ivory, is to make chopsticks to test for food poisoning, because ivory is known to change colors when it touches poisonous substances. More recently, claims have been made, praising rhino horn solutions as a cure to cancer. In fact, the belief in its anticarcinogenic properties is considered to be the cause of the strong desire for rhino horn in Vietnam, and is being blamed for the extinction of the Vietnamese Javan rhino.
China is a member of CITES, which ultimately seeks to cease the trade of endangered species. China has also officially removed rhino horn products from the official indexes of materia medica, including the TCM indexes. However, the trade of rhino horn in China is still prevalent, and there are discrepancies in the amount of seized black rhino horns and the amount of rhinos reported killed by those entering the country. Even the production of simulated rhino horn (produced from cows and other livestock, which is entirely legal) has not hindered the demand for rhino horn; in fact, some say it has only caused an increase in the demand for the genuine article. Vietnam’s intake of rhino horn is parallel to its economic status; as more Vietnamese become moderately wealthy, more Vietnamese illegally purchase rhino horn as an assertion of status.
Unfortunately, I fear that China’s continuing history of being one of the main consumers of rhino horn will not have any lasting repercussions on its economic dealings in Africa. China has had a longstanding reputation for the consumption of rhino horn, and it has not seemed to hinder the nation’s sprawling economic grasp on Africa. Even after joining CITES, rhino horn trade is still prevalent, and China’s African market is still booming. Currently, I see no reason for the Chinese to worry about their dealings in Africa in regards to rhinoceros horn.
http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2011/nov/25/cure-cancer-rhino-horn-vietnam
http://safaritalk.net/topic/8258-rhino-horn-use-in-traditional-chinese-medicine/
http://www.savingrhinos.org/vietnamese_rhino_horn_trade.html
http://www.savetherhino.org/rhino_info/threats_to_rhino/poaching_for_traditional_chinese_medicine/supply_and_demand_the_illegal
The illegal rhino horn importation is the most prevalent in China and Vietnam, where the rhino horn is seen as an important medicinal tool. As the world progresses into a more modern era, so do the younger generations. Since rhino horn is used in more traditional medicinal practices, the rhino horns are sought out by older generations. In general, the older generations have connected to the practices of using rhino horn before it became illegal, so much so that it became a part of the culture. Also, the elder generations are typically more sickly and weak, which in their minds, can be cured by consuming rhino horn. Younger generations, however, are more numb to the "magic" that the horn provides. The believed medicinal benefits of taking rhino horn are the main source of poaching. People in Vietnam and China believe that the rhino horn acts as an aphrodisiac and also as a palliative for boils, fevers, convulsions, vomiting, headaches, hallucinations, and even riding oneself of the devil. There have even recently been claims that the use of rhino horn can cure cancer.
ReplyDeletePersonally, it seems as if the Chinese and the Vietnamese government are merely making surface level attempts to stop the illegal trade. It appears to me that both of the governments seem to not focus any time or money on stopping the smuggling. This being said, China has attempted to halt the smuggling within their country. They signed a rhino horn smuggling treaty with CITES, however China has not been able to make a lasting impact. Vietnam on the other hand has done nothing. In fact, most of the smugglers operate through Vietnam since the ports are much more relaxed. Once the horns are in Vietnam they are then transported into China.
I definitely think that the illegal trade will have severe consequences for China's future investment in Africa, specifically Southern Africa. Locals in the African nations who depend on tourism based upon the big 5, and even those who do not depend on tourism have already started to harass the Chinese and Vietnamese people. Ultimately, I believe that if the Chinese and Vietnamese do not do more to stop the illegal smuggling, there will be a huge economic crisis on their hands.
There are many countries that use rhino horns in medicinal, religious, and cultural practices. For example, in Yemen, rhino horns are used to make daggers. These daggers are given to young 12 year olds as a symbol of coming of age as well as showing devotion to the religion of Islam. This is one case of how these rhino horns are used, but the more common uses (the ones that create the most demand) come from Asian countries. The use rhino horns for medicinal purposes, in China, can be traced all the way back to the 7th century A.D. Countries such as Malaysia, China, India, Bangladesh, South Korea, Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam account for most of the demand for the coveted rhino horns.
ReplyDeleteThe people who use these horns are mainly of older generations, because nowadays, we can prove that this commodity has no real medicinal value. This is definitely good news because the poaching atrocities, logically, should be on the decline soon.
People in the countries that use the rhino horn believe it has the ability to cure the common cold, typhoid fever, and in some rare cases, even cancer.
The governments of China and Vietnam are not really the ones at fault in this dilemma. They can’t check every single person’s luggage when entering in the country, and the governments are certainly not at fault for the illegal smuggling of these horns. Although Vietnam is rated the “worst in wildlife crime,” they don’t exactly have the resources or manpower to crack down on this issue.
As long as African government officials don’t blame the illegal trade on the Chinese government, I don’t think that this whole black market rhino trade will hurt the chances of future investment from China to Africa. The issue that would harm chances of future investment is the safety of Chinese workers in Africa. If some very angry protesters decided to harm Chinese foreign nationals in an African country, it just might make China think twice about sending diplomats, employees, and other human resources to Africa. – Logan Hensley
The primary importers of illegally poached rhino horn are countries in Asia. Essentially, rhino horn is either used for medicinal purposes or for making ceremonial ornaments. Now, due to the rising prices of the horn, there is less demand for horn for ceremonial purposes; however, before prices skyrocketed Yemen imported a massive amount of rhino horn for this use. More recently, rhino horn is imported for medicinal purposes. Vietnam and China are the primary countries responsible for massive amounts of rhino horn taken. However, it is notable that other Asian countries like South Korea also consume the horn. As a result of the massive demand and little supply for rhino horn, prices are on the rise. In fact, rhino horn is so expensive that it is only accessible to the wealthy. With a growing middle and upper class in Asian countries more and more people will have the resources to be able to afford rhino horn in the future. With in the people that can afford the expensive commodity, it is common that older people consume the horn due to a cultural connection. However, rhino horn is beginning to be seen as a status symbol so many young status-seeking people are beginning to use it. As stated earlier rhino horn is mostly consumed for medicinal purposes, so naturally there are lots of medicinal properties that the horn is said to of contain. In Vietnam and China, people claim that it can cure, heal, be used as, or prevent: stroke, bleeding, aging, an aphrodisiac, detoxification, fever, and even cancer. It is very surprising and perhaps comical that people think that the horn contains all of these properties ranging from the ability to cure cancer to being an aphrodisiac. The problem seems to lay in the mythical abilities and cultural connection of the rhino horn. Until recently the Vietnamese government and Chinese government have not done anything to address the problem of illegally poaching rhinos. In August, however, the Vietnamese set up talks with South Africa in the hope that the Vietnamese will be motivated to take action on their home soil. In December of this year the Vietnamese signed a memorandum of understanding. Though the memorandum has no strict contractual requirements it does indicate that Vietnam recognizes and is willing to take further action. It is said that the Vietnamese will address poaching as a more serious crime and take more action.
ReplyDeleteSince there has been such a loss of a central symbol, the rhino, to what would appear to be because of the Chinese and other Asian countries, it is only natural that there will be negative consequences that will affect China. I think the South African people will be less inclined to have Chinese related investments because of the issues with poaching. However, in other countries in Africa it is less clear whether or not poaching will have an impact on Chinese investment. Logically, it would seem other Africa countries wouldn’t want investments with a country that is harming their own, but the prospect of large amounts of money and infrastructure coming into a country desperate for them is very appealing. So poor countries with a strong need for investment may not want to pass up opportunities offered by the Chinese.
Countries known to have been involved in poaching and illegal importation of rhino horn include Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, and Yemen, with China and Vietnam currently standing as the most active participants in the trade. For the most part, rhino horn is used for medicinal purposes, but has also been used in the past to make bowls and carvings, as well as other objects (the people of Yemen used the material to create handles for ceremonial daggers throughout the 1960’s and 70’s). Rhino horn has been used in traditional Chinese medicine for thousands of years, and is believed to reduce fever, help stop heavy bleeding, and cleanse the body of toxins such as alcohol (it is used as a type of hangover cure). Recently, a rumor was spread through Vietnam that an unnamed high-ranking government official had been cured of an unspecified cancer thanks to the substance.
ReplyDeleteWithin these populations, the people most likely to purchase rhino horn are wealthy, middle-aged urban-dwellers. These people use the substance for rejuvenation and detoxification, and doing so has become a status symbol. People suffering from life-threatening diseases, such as cancer, are also known to used the substance. It is also common for mothers to purchase small amounts of rhino horn for medicine, such as curing their children’s fevers.
Though the governments of China and Vietnam have both banned rhino horn and its importation, there are still pharmaceutical companies that produce medicines containing rhino horn, and the raw substance—especially in Vietnam—is easy to come by. The substance seems to pass easily through customs when flown in by poachers from countries like South Africa, though countries like Hong Kong have had some success claiming illicit substances such as rhino horn as well as ivory, so perhaps there is hope that China and Vietnam can work to ameliorate the situation. Unfortunately, the fact of the matter is that these governments have done very little to stop the trade, and there really is not much that can be done.
The Chinese people as a whole are often blamed for poaching that occurs in countries such as South Africa, for it is rumored that most rhino horn that enters Vietnam is destined for China. I definitely think the reputation China has gained because of this issue will be detrimental for the Chinese but also the South Africans. Xenophobia targeting Chinese may very well grow because of poaching, and the Chinese may be prompted to stop investing, which will in turn be detrimental to the South African economy.
Currently, people in China and Vietnam are the ones responsible for driving the demand for rhino horn. Rumors surrounding the rhino horn’s medicinal capabilities have caused it to become a very sought after treatment by many in these countries. However, because of their high price and illegal trade status, rhino horn customers are more often wealthy older Chinese and Vietnamese citizens, who seek the product because of its touted anti-cancer, anti-aging, and fever fighting benefits. This does not mean regular citizens do not buy the product; it is simply easier for wealthier citizens to gain access to rhino horn. One commonality all these people share is the wish to look and feel younger and healthier; thus they are persuaded to engage in this illicit trade.
ReplyDeleteSince the majority of rhino horn consumers are in China and Vietnam, the governments of these respective countries have a duty to both crack down on the illicit dealers of this product, make sure more rhino horn does not make it into the country, aggressively educate people about the harm this trade is causing in Africa, and explain the truth about rhino horn’s lack of medicinal properties.
If China is continuously implicated as an enabler of the rhino horn trade, I am sure that relations between African countries and China will deteriorate to an extent. However, if the rhino horn trade does not cause a noticeable negative effect in an African nation’s tourist economy, tourists continue to come to game parks regardless of rhino population, and China is set up to provide an African nation with substantial infrastructural and economical growth, I do not believe that a country in position to fight for its rhino population and take a stand against China’s lax attitude toward its domestic rhino horn trade. I believe that the rhino horn issue would be relatively low on the list of concerns for many African game park nations, and would only be aggressively addressed if there were no risk of antagonizing China and reducing Chinese aid and investment, which there definitely is. Thus I believe that with all the other problems faced by African nations, China’s lack of action in regards to the illegal rhino horn trade would be ignored so as to not affect future investment.
In people’s mind, China and Vietnam are cursed to be the biggest two countries that import the illegal rhino horn. I have to admit that rhino horn was a part of Chinese tradition medicine, but in 1993, rhino horn and tiger bone was banned by the government. If anyone that who import or output rhino horn, that person can be sentenced in prison for five years. Also, on June 21, 1973, China joined CITES to protect the animals that need conservation, which was signed at Washington D.C, rhino is one of the animals on the list. My father told me that he thinks rhino horn can adjust body system by certain ways. On the contrary, Vietnam’s government even claimed that rhino horn has special beneficial effect on cancer. In conclusion, Vietnam has the most responsibility for the illegal importation of rhino horn.
ReplyDeleteI have done a lot of research about rhino horn’s part on Chinese tradition medicine, rhino was recorded to have efficiently effect on several epidemic diseases. Anyway, with the growth of economy in Vietnam, some rich people can pay expensive price for a little part of rhino horn. After I finished talking with my Vietnamese friend, he told me that very few people know the exact beneficial effect of rhino horn, he knows because his father was used to take it, and his father felt much better and health condition has never been like that. He also told me that he used to take rhino horn as a kind of drink and he feels more energy and he could work better. In addition, my Vietnamese friend told me that it is very hard to buy a rhino horn in Vietnam nowadays. On the other hand, Vietnamese government made rules that it was illegal to have rhino horn trade in 2006, and the government took several actions on 2004-2008, but after 2008, the Vietnamese government did not do anything to stop the illegal trade, so the law was in vain.
I think the idea about China is involved in rhino horn trade is absolutely has negative impact on future investment, people do not know that it is illegal to trade rhino horn in China, and the youth do not believe that rhino horn is a kind of medicine that can cure cancer or make people stronger. Being in this class, I have known a lot of things about African countries, the Chinese media only says how dangerous African countries are. I also aware that South Africans do not know China very well, so I think if there is future investment, the two countries must have better partnership and know each other better.
http://zhidao.baidu.com/question/391242055.html
http://www.ifaw.org/united-states/news/china-applies-trade-ban-wildlife-auctions
http://int.gmw.cn/2012-07/24/content_4619616.htm
The illegal importation of rhino horn has it roots in the traditional medicine of both Vietnam and China. Although rhino horns are pure keratin (the same substance that makes up our hair nails and skin) it has been through to have powerful healing abilities for centuries. This has made the use of rhino horn very popular among the old, the frail, and the sick. As China’s older population has increased, so has the demand for rhino horn. Doctors practicing traditional medicine usually prescribe rhino horn for convulsions, heart problems, and fevers. However in recent years rhino horn has been attributed with the ability to cure cancer by an anonymous rumor that was started in Vietnam. The demand for rhino horn has resulted in the relentless poaching of rhinos around the world. Today, almost no rhinos remain in Vietnam and China due to poaching. This has shifted the supply to the continent with the only significant number of wild rhinos remaining in the world, Africa. Poachers are slaughtering rhinos throughout Africa at an alarming rate to satisfy demand from China and Vietnam. Governments have made some attempts to stop the rhino’s path towards extinction, China has singed the CITES treaty preventing the trade of rhino horn within the country. Many European countries have condemned the use of the rhino horn in traditional Asian medicine and have presented data that shows its medical irrelevance. Despite these measures, rhino’s continue to be poached and their horns sold on the black market. The governments of China and Vietnam do not care enough about the issue to make any significant progress towards stopping the extinction of the rhino. As rhino poaching for Asian markets continues, animosity is building within many countries in Africa towards the Chinese and Vietnamese. The rhino is an integral part of many African nations due to its place among the big five of ecotourism, and its extinction could severely damage African economies. Not taking a hard stance on rhino poaching and trade could have serious repercussions on foreign relations if this situation continues. If the Chinese government has any interest in African countries’ resources and economic cooperation it should seriously consider the long-term results of the extinction of the rhino.
ReplyDeletehttp://www.savingrhinos.org/vietnamese_rhino_horn_trade.html
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/nov/04/south-africa-rhino-poaching-record-high
http://www.rhinoconservation.org/2011/09/09/chinese-medicine-organization-speaks-out-against-use-of-rhino-horn/
As we learned in class, the countries most responsible for the importation of illegal (or all) rhino horn are located in Eastern Asia- nations like China and Vietnam. As time progresses, the generations interested in the trade are getting progressively older. The horn is desired by these people for the perceived medicinal uses, ranging from the curing of a head cold to cancer. The issue being, is that these beliefs are rooted in traditions dating centuries and centuries back. As is common in most cultures, older generations are often stubborn about beliefs and customs that are now viewed as "old-fashioned" and frankly, factually incorrect. The medicinal benefits of rhino horn are completely unproven, but the likelihood of that information changing anything is slim to none. The governments of both nations have responsibilities to end this atrocity. The advantage in this situation is that because this activity is illegal in all nations involved, the countries can have their governments work together to irradiate this black market. There should be increased securities in the major airports, looking specifically for the horn. Additionally, there should be increased punishment for both the poachers and smugglers. And if there was enough funding and time, the legality of breeding should be reviewed. Not to say it should be legalized, but if the first priority is the rhinos, then systems to save their lives should be examined. I don't think something like rhino horn will impact the potential future investments of China. As sad of a reality as it may seem, the businesses will much sooner prioritize their well being over that of rhinos and their horns. Governments and businesses should be incentivized, and the governments should work together on increasing security and decreasing the rate of the illegal activity.
ReplyDeleteAs the global rhino population declines, the scarcity (and price) of valuable rhino horns continues to rise steeply. Rhino horns are used primarily for two purposes – they can be ground into a powder and used in traditional Chinese medicines, or carved into elaborate dagger handles sold in the Middle East. Although importation of rhino horn is illegal in most countries, their trade has only risen in recent years. The primary importers of rhino horn are Vietnam, China, Yemen, and Oman. Though the physical de-horning of the rhinos are generally done by poor, uneducated locals (who often know where to find rhino herds), the horns are smuggled to one of the 4 primary importers by citizens of that country, where the horn ends up in the hands of horn salesmen. Horn poaching is done primarily by poorly paid, poverty-stricken locals, who need money to feed their families, while the vast majority of the profits go to whoever is selling the horn.
ReplyDeleteThough the trade of rhino horn has been made illegal in Yemen, Oman, Vietnam, and China, the rhino horn market continues to grow. In Yemen and Oman, rhino horns are carved into elaborate dagger handles, given to boys when they reach maturity. Due to their cultural significance and Yemen/Oman’s steadily increasing population, more and more rhino horn is sought after each year. In Vietnam and China, rhino horn is ground up and used as medicine, to reduce fever, cure cancer, and aid stroke patients. Though there is no scientific basis supporting these claims, rhino horn has long been a part of traditional Chinese and Vietnamese medicine. Although there isn’t very much demand for rhino horn in Vietnam, smugglers use Vietnam as a gateway to bring large quantities of rhino horn into China.
Though there have been efforts on the part of both Asian and Middle Eastern governments to control rhino horn poaching, they have been largely ineffective. A 1982 ban in Yemen, and a 1993 ban in China, served to temporarily dissuade poachers. As the market for rhino horn has grown exponentially in the past decade, poachers are willing to take risk of incarceration for the promise of (relatively) easy cash. I don’t believe that rhino horn poaching is going to have an effect on Africa’s relationship with China. Business is business, and although rhino horn poaching is a tragedy, I don’t think it will deter any African businessmen from welcoming Chinese investors with open arms.
Sources:
Deletehttp://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/nov/04/south-africa-rhino-poaching-record-high
http://www.savetherhino.org/rhino_info/threats_to_rhino/poaching_for_traditional_chinese_medicine/supply_and_demand_the_illegal
http://www.savingrhinos.org/rhino-extinction-crisis.html
http://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/episodes/rhinoceros/rhino-horn-use-fact-vs-fiction/1178/
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-20670012
Vietnam and China are the most responsible for the demand of rhino horn for medicinal purposes in Asia. Other countries such as Yemen, India, South Korea, and Malaysia illegally trade rhino horn as well. Since the price of rhino horn is continually rising, the upper class is the primary consumer of rhino horn. Within the upper class, it is commonly the sick or elderly who purchase this product. Although it is a myth, many people believe that rhino horn will cure fever, snakebites, bleeding, hallucinations, typhoid, cancer, headaches, vomiting, and food poisoning.
ReplyDeleteThe Chinese and Vietnam governments do not play a huge role in stopping the importation of rhino horn. The governments have already made it illegal to import rhino horn. It is not so much in the control of the government, since it is an illegal trade, as it is controlled by the high demand of the people. Even if all goods coming into China and Vietnam were highly regulated and checked, or if modern medicine, such as Tylenol with helps with fever and headaches, were more available, there would still be a high demand for rhino horn because it is a delicacy part of traditional Chinese medicine.
Although China is extremely responsible for the demand of rhino horn, I do not believe that it will effect their future investments in Africa. In many parts of Africa, China has made so many investments and become so involved that it would be difficult for the African country to not allow China to continue making investments. Some African countries are in such great need of how China’s investments have fueled their economies that they would certainly not risk that for the sake of the endangered rhinoceroses.
Rhino Horn is used in traditional asian medicine. Countries from China to Malaysia to South Korea and India all use Rhino horn. Even in Yemen, a middle-eastern country, Rhino horn is a desirable product commonly made into a dagger, called a Jambiya, to be given as coming of age presents to show dedication to the muslim religion. Although many countries do use rhino horn China and Vietnam are the main malefactors illegally importing rhino horn.
ReplyDeleteDue to the insane price of the rhino horns either the upper class or desperate middle class can even think about purchasing rhino horn. Per ounce, the price of rhino horn is up there with the most expensive narcotics, perhaps even more. The rhino horn also attracts an older audience because they are the ones more likely to have a life threatening influence.
One of the biggest alleged benefits of consuming rhino horn is that it can cure cancer. This statement is clearly incorrect but with government officials in vietnam claiming that it works it may be difficult for asian cultures to accept this fact and turn to modern medicine. Rhino horn is also believed to help reduce temperature, treat convulsions, and to purge the liver of toxins after consuming significant amounts of alcohol. It is also thought to be an aphrodisiac in asian cultures.
The Chinese government is taking measures to stop the illegal trading of rhino horn. The have actually removed rhino horn from the Traditional Chinese Medicine Index. They have also outlawed trading of the horn. It is also illegal to trade rhino horn in vietnam but political figures could be involved in the acquisition and consumption of rhino horn.
Chinese involvement in illegal rhino horn trade will not negatively affect China’s economic role in Africa for two reasons: 1.) The chinese government seems to be attempting to eradicate the issue 2.) African governments are either two troubled or naive to even care. Also Considering China’s rapid economic growth African governments are going to be drawn to China for aid and neglect potential issues. In a lot of African governments instant supposed benefits plays a much larger role in decision-making than ethics or foresight.
According to many reputable sources, there seems to be a general consensus that we should be pointing our fingers at Vietnam and China for illegal importation of rhino horn. As compelling as this case can be argued, at this point in my research I do not believe this is the whole story. According to a report conducted by American University, they point to countries such as South Korea, Taiwan, and Thailand along with China and Vietnam. Though pinpointing which countries are involved in this illegal trade can be foggy, it is crystal clear who is using them and why. Most would say that elderly Asians are to blame for believing in the rhino horns’ magical medicinal powers. Au contraire, PBS came out with an astounding publication articulating a different target audience regarding the use of rhino horn. The horn is also praised and sought-after by Muslim men, specifically in Yemen. When Yemeni boys turn the age of 12, they are granted with a dagger also known as a “jambiya.” This dagger is a sign of masculinity and the handles of the dagger attempt to reflect this manliness. Thus, rhino horn is used due to its low supply, high demand, luster with aging property, and its overall symbol of strength and power. The perceived medicinal benefits are curing “fever, rheumatism, gout…snakebites, hallucinations, typhoid, headaches, carbuncles, vomiting, and food poisoning” (PBS). Sadly, this long-winded list of cures came from an ancient Chinese pharmacist (who in my unprofessional opinion had no idea what he was doing) who has been rotting in the grave for over 500 years and been proven wrong dozens upon dozens of times. His own people put him to the test and stated that aforementioned cure was a hoax except for the curing of fever which is still debated. According to a study done at Chinese University in Hong Kong, large doses of rhino horn extract were found to have slightly lowered the internal body temperature of rats. Now let me stress two very important things. One, the subjects were rats and two, the large doses given do not equate to the doses Chinese vendors sell to their customers. Just as we saw in the video, the Chinese man drank less than a few ounces of the rhino horn extract, hoping it would give him a newfound strength in his life.
ReplyDeleteThe honest truth is that I do not know what role the Asian governments have been playing and I do not know what role they need to be playing. The honest truth is that I do not think America can go up in arms about the treatment of rhinos and the use of their horns when thousands of peoples’ human rights are being violated every day. All I know is that according to the International Fund for Animal Welfare, China banned the trade of rhino horn as well as tiger bone in the year 1993, and many countries followed suit. Now this looks to me like a step in the right direction. Now one of the greatest presidents of the United States once said “law without enforcement is just good advice.” This man was Abraham Lincoln and he was absolutely right. I do not know the degree of enforcement of these bans, but I do know that there is a lot to be done. The simplest in my opinion is for the heads of state of each country to address their people in a few minute speech on the issue of rhino horns and how it has no medicinal benefits whatsoever. If the heads of state (who hold so much authority and respect by their people) were heard denouncing the use of rhino horn, I think it would be a great leap forward in the fight against this so called aphrodisiac. And lastly in regards to China’s involvement in South Africa and the greater continent, I do not believe they have anything to worry about nor will have anything to worry about. China has invested billions of dollars into practically every single country on the continent. It’s investment into Africa is so large that if it were to pull out everything. And when I say everything I mean everything. From their infrastructure projects to their oriental restaurants, I believe that China could bring Africa to its knees. Do I think this will ever happen? No. The main reasoning being China has no reason to pull out and they have not received their return on investments quite yet. Once they suck all the oil dry hundreds of years from now, then my previous statement might become more relevant. But for now, even though China is receiving an exponentially increasing negative reputation among the common man and woman in South Africa, the government is the ruling body that has the final say (democratically or not) and the two countries will continue to do trade despite the tragic rhino situation at hand.
ReplyDeleteThe rhinoceros is a doomed animal facing almost certain extinction in a world that values its “mythological” horn more than gold. Since 1970 its numbers have declined by ninety percent. Despite 174 countries signing the “Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species” in 1993 making its buying, selling, trading, or transporting illegal, trade persists and demand surges. In the 2012’s the price for horns reached $50,000 per kilogram. A growing affluent middle-class in Vietnam and Thailand is blamed for a poaching surge fueled by a claim that rhino horn cured an important Vietnamese official of terminal liver cancer. A single horn is now valued at $400,000.
ReplyDeleteMost poaching occurs in South Africa, even though the smaller Asian horn is more valuable; the rhinoceros is virtually extinct in Asia. Museum and auction houses have been robbed because rhino horn is so valuable.
China, Vietnam, and Thailand are the main players in the global black market for both ivory and rhino horn. Stubbornly part of the traditional medicinal culture, many still believe that rhino horn ground into powder, mixed with hot water, or added to other medicinal compounds, will cure gout, fever, joint pain, headaches, and skin ailments. In 1983 the Calcutta zoo sold its baby rhino urine for $750 with a claim of curing sore throats and asthma.
In the Middle East, particularly Yemen, rhino horn is used for ornamental purposes, carved into handles of traditional daggers, carried by eighty percent of the population, and an expensive and coveted status symbol of success. Rhino horn is translucent when carved and is more durable than water buffalo or other substitutes.
Many have pointed out the hypocrisy of China’s strict laws punishing poachers who kill the revered Panda Bear with penalties of twenty years or more (death before 1997) but lax enforcement of black market rhino-horn trading. However, China has made strides: recently, the Chinese government banned rhino horn from use in any medicinal products, and enforces these regulations relatively seriously (Yemen has implemented similar regulations for daggers). China has suffered no backlash in Africa from the illegal rhino-horn trade and continues its aggressive economic practices in the region.
Because of the rhino horn’s value and the highly-organized nature of the poaching groups that kill rhinoceroses, it is incredibly difficult, nearly impossible, for any third-world nation to halt the animals’ extinction. For any serious hopes of the species’ recovery, the international community and the West must become involved. Numerous solutions have been proposed: some argue that the horn should be legalized and grown on “rhino farms” to satisfy demand without eviscerating the species; others argue that regulations must be made more stringent in South Africa (today the maximum punishment is three years), although there are numerous legal obstacles to this solution because of South Africa’s highly liberal, individualist constitution; another school of thought argues that game reserves should be given to international organizations and more-stable Western governments for the survival of the species. While all of these solutions are possible, they all carry significant drawbacks and obstacles. In all probability, there will be no more rhinos by 2025.
Sources Consulted:
www.traffic.org/species.../traffic_species_mammals45.pdf
www.pbs.org>Episodes>Rhinoceros
factsanddetails.com/Asian.php?itemid=2456&catid=68&sub
www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/wildlife/8935724/Deadly-trade-rhino.horn-poaching-surges-html
Many Asian countries have used rhino horn for many years for medicine. Some of the main countries involved in the illegal rhino trade today are mainly China and Vietnam, but also South Korea, Japan, and others.
ReplyDeleteThe final customers of rhino horn tend to be of an older generation. This is because elderly people tend to be sicker and more in need of medicine. Also the older generations will probably be more inclined to stick to old traditions such as using ground Rhino horn as medicine. These people would also tend to be wealthier because of the high price of rhino horn (as high as $50,000 per kg). The people doing the actual poaching and smuggling probably don’t have a lot and are desperate for more money.
It was traditionally used for fever, rheumatism, gout, headaches, and poisoning. It also is said to be able to cure cancer. The beliefs in the healing powers of rhino horn date back to Greek mythology. These “magical healing powers” are factually untrue, however. The rhino horn is made of keratin, which is the same thing that makes up your finger nails. So, ingesting rhino horn has just as much “healing power” as chewing on your fingernails does.
China and Vietnam have made trading rhino horn illegal, but that has had little effect because the trade was on the black market anyway. The only a decrease in the people’s demand would have a significant effect. They should try to do more to stop the trade, such as tighter regulation and harsher punishments.
I don’t not think that China’s involvement in the trade will negatively affect their investments, sadly. Business is business and the Chinese business is doing good for these countries’ economies, which they are (granted there are many downsides as well), then business will go on.
The countries fueling the illegal rhino horn trade are primarily China and Vietnam due to the historical practice of using rhino horn in traditional medicines. A common misconception is that rhino horn is used as an aphrodisiac; rather it is primarily used to combat fevers, convulsions, along with various other conditions.
ReplyDeleteThe reason that illegal rhino horn trade has boomed in recent years due to rapid economic growth in many East Asian countries. The Chinese and Vietnamese communist economic polices during much of the twentieth century prevented the formation of a large upper class that could afford expensive traditional medicines. Capitalist economic policies enacted in the late 1970’s has resulted in tremendous Chinese and Vietnamese economic growth during the twenty-first century and has created a growing upper class that is now able to purchase expensive commodities, such as rhino horn. Despite the fact that rhino horn is illegal in both China and Vietnam, many high ranking government officials are known to have used it medicinally, one politician in Vietnam has even claim it cured his wife’s cancer, although this remains to be confirmed.
The government’s of China and Vietnam have shown they have little to no desire to combat the trade or rhino horn due to cultural reasons and the fact that the environmental movement has not caught on in most East Asian countries. While African nations with far fewer financial resources have made tremendous efforts to protect their rhino populations, rhino species in Asia are practically extinct, with fewer than 40 wild Javan rhinos left in existence. This leaves the job of rhino conservation on the shoulders of African nations, particularly South Africa, which boasts the largest rhino population in the world. Although many South African’s depend on ecotourism for their livelihoods and ecotourism does created job opportunities for local South Africans, the potential profits made from selling rhino horn are for more lucrative than driving foreigners around through game parks.
The illegal rhino horn trade has caused many South African’s to feel resentment towards the countries of China and Vietnam as a whole. One South African man ever mailed an envelope full of toenail clippings to the Chinese embassy in Johannesburg. South Africa must be careful not to develop a cultural resentment of the countries because South Africa has far more to lose from lost Chinese investment than China does from lost South African investment. The twenty-first century has been termed the “Asia Century” by many economists, with China expected to be the unrivaled economic superpower. If South Africa ever hopes to raise its standard of living for all citizens, economic relations with China are essential. If South Africa is to sever its economic ties with China and Vietnam, Mandela’s dream of a new prosperous South Africa would come crashing down, something that most South African’s would not sacrifice for rhinos.
Jake Smith
ReplyDeleteJanuary 8, 13
Rhino Horn
The rhino horn an acclaimed medicinal remedy in many cultures, especially of those in Asia. Commended as being a healer in medicine and even has been claimed to have cured cancer. In fact the intake of rhino horn into the human body is about as beneficial as chewing and eating one’s fingernails. So why an urge to demolish a species for a pointless remedy? The problem is in popular belief and the culture of these countries, and in turn the rhino horn is too readily available to the public.
Asia, specifically China and Vietnam, is mostly responsible for this increasing desire of rhino horn and therefore is responsible for most of the illegal importation of it. The black market is feeding off the horns because of the hefty sum shop owners are willing to pay for them and it’s easy to supply because it is demanded so highly. The governments in China and Vietnam, however, have made the selling and importation of rhino horn illegal. Unfortunately the government cannot stop the black market from supplying small secretive shops with the horns, which simply means the horns are still readily available in both of the countries. However, in the case of China, whose fingers are spread quite deeply into the heart Africa, the illegal selling and consumption of the rhino horns might cause a few more problems in Africa. Negative repercussions in Africa lurk in China’s near future if proper measures to abolish the illegal horn trade are not taken. China is standing on the edge of a conflict, and hopefully the right decision is made.
Rhino poaching has become popular in the past few years because of the effects told to be given once a rhino horn has been grinded down. It has been used as a drug and supposedly cured a case of cancer. It is a highly wanted product but will kill off the rhino population. A rhinoceros horn is worth about $65,000 a kilogram more than gold, platinum, and in many cases cocaine. Vietnam and China are the two major countries importing the rhino horns. These countries will hire local natives in the African countries to go hunt and saw off the horn of the rhino for a reward of a sum of money. These natives will go with no question because they need the money. The Chinese and Vietnamese governments have done nothing to stop this act. It is not even a problem that the asian countries are paying attention too. It is also known as an ancient remedy for curing disease and illnesses, and if it was presented as a major problem the government would dismiss it since it has been used as an ancient remedy. China has been such a huge part of the African countries in the past years, with China growing at extreme rates economically, the African countries are going to want to keep their strong relationship with China. Even though they are killing one of the biggest revenues that the countries depend on, having a good relationship with china is more important.
ReplyDelete1) the main countries that consume rhino horn are Vietnam in China however there are consumers in many other asian countries. This is because traditional medicine is much more prevalent in these countries, however traditional medicine is practiced all throughout Asia
ReplyDelete2) the main demographic that ends up buying the rhino horn is the upper class of the vietnamese and the chinese. the main people that end up actually poaching the rhino however are poor africans who are looking to make money.
3) The effects that rhino horn is supposed to have include curing devil possession, curing cancer, and being antidote to poisons. These perceived benefits, coupled with many other smaller ones, make rhino horn seem like a super drug to the chinese and vietnamese. Contrary to what most believe, rhino horn is not usually thought of in China and Vietnam as an aphrodisiac.
4) Politicians are not extremely bent on banning rhino horn simply because a lot of them use it themselves. Politicians are part of the rich upper class which is the class that usually uses rhino horn. In China rhino horn was banned however the enforcement is not very stringent because of how it is rooted in tradition.
5) I think that China is too integral to the building of Africa for them to be in any way discriminated against because of this practice. The Chinese are essential to the development of these countries, and as seen in other dealings, the Chinese know they are in a position of power. The countries in Africa may dislike China because of this, but it would only hurt themselves to show their displeasure
Despite countless government bans on the trade of rhino horn, the demand for the product has continued to increase at an alarming rate, and the world’s rhino population has decreased by “more than 90 percent over the past 40 years” (National Geographic). This demand comes primarily from China, Vietnam, and Yemen. Rhino horn is primarily used by men, particularly in Yemen, where, as per tradition, rhino horns are used as the handles of daggers given to boys as they turn twelve years old. In parts of Asia where traditional medicine is still widespread, rhino horn is an important ingredient. The increasingly rare horn is rumored to cure snakebites, hallucinations, typhoid, headaches, carbuncles, vomiting, food poisoning, and, as one high-ranking Vietnamese official infamously claimed, cancer. In a trial conducted at the Chinese University of Hong Kong, it was found that rhino horn reduces fever in rats, but only in extremely high dosage that is estimated to be 100 times more than the amount used by humans. When the human dosage of rhino horn was injected into the rats, it had no fever-reducing effect. One authority on the subject aptly summarized the misconceptions of rhino horn’s healing powers: “you’d do just as well chewing on your fingernails.”
ReplyDeleteThe Chinese and Vietnamese governments have made minimal efforts to stop importation of rhino horns from Africa. Despite bans, the trade continues. In fact, the rhino horn trade has increased, and the countries’ governments largely deny that the imports are destined for their countries. They claim that the horns are just ‘passing through’ their countries on their way to their final destination in other countries. These claims are clearly false, as the largest numbers of both vendors and users are recorded in China and Vietnam, with Yemen a close third.
Although animal rights activists are fighting tooth and nail (no pun intended) to end this rhino massacre before the animals become extinct, the fact remains that Africa needs China’s investment. Africa needs China more than China needs Africa; this, combined \up needing to appease China. From China’s point of view, if they invest more, the government may spend more money on rhino population rehabilitation projects, and more rhinos will be available to the poachers. Albeit morbid, this model is sustainable for the poachers, however, due to the near-sighted nature of poaching, the model will not be realized. Barring a “conservation revolution,”
http://newswatch.nationalgeographic.com/2010/07/07/rhino_horn_and_traditional_chinese_medicine_facts/
http://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/episodes/rhinoceros/rhino-horn-use-fact-vs-fiction/1178/